Lubricant composition comprising unhindered alkyl amines

ABSTRACT

A lubricant composition including a base oil and from 0.01 to 10 wt. % of an amine compound based on a total weight of the lubricant composition. The amine compound has the formula R 1 (R 2 )NH, where R 1  and R 2  are each independently straight or branched chain acyclic alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. The alpha carbon of R 1  or R 2  is primary if R 1  or R 2  is an alkyl group having more than one carbon atom respectively. At least 90 wt. % of the amine compound remains unreacted in the lubricant composition based on a total weight of the amine compound prior to any reaction in the lubricant composition.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 61/682,882 filed on Aug. 14, 2012, U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/682,883 filed on Aug. 14, 2012, and U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 61/682,884 filed on Aug. 14, 2012, each of whichis incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to a lubricant composition. Morespecifically, the invention relates to a lubricant compositioncomprising an amine compound and to a method of forming the lubricantcomposition.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is known and customary to add stabilizers to lubricant compositionsbased on mineral or synthetic oils in order to improve their performancecharacteristics. Antioxidants are one type of stabilizer of particularimportance. Oxidative degradation of lubricant composition plays asignificant role especially in motor oils because of the hightemperatures prevailing in the combustion chambers of the engines andthe presence, in addition to oxygen, of oxides of nitrogen which act asoxidation catalysts.

Some amine compounds are effective stabilizers for lubricants. Theseamine compounds may help neutralize acids formed during the combustionprocess. Conventional primary amines were added to a lubricantcomposition in conjunction with an acid to form an amine salt. Suchprimary amine salts conveyed useful properties to the lubricantcomposition. However, such amine salts required the addition of an acid,which adds additional expense to the lubricant composition. Thus, thereremains a need for a cost effective additive for a lubricant compositionthat does not require additional components.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a lubricant composition comprising a baseoil and an amine compound. The amine compound has the formula:

R¹ and R² are each independently straight or branched chain acyclicalkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. The alpha carbon of R¹ orR² is primary if R¹ or R² is an alkyl group having more than one carbonatom respectively. In the lubricant composition, at least 90 wt. % ofthe amine compound remains unreacted based on a total weight of theamine compound prior to any reaction in the lubricant composition. Thepresent invention is also directed to an additive concentrate comprisingthe amine compound.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

One aspect of a lubricant composition is the amount of basic materialdispersed/dissolved within it, which is referred to as the Total BaseNumber (“TBN”) of the lubricant composition. TBN is an industry standardmeasurement used to correlate the basicity of any material to that ofpotassium hydroxide. This value is measured by two ASTM titrationmethods, ASTM D2896 and ASTM D4739. Most TBN has been delivered by useof overbased metal soaps, but these soaps created problems with somenewer engine technologies, such as diesel particulate filters.Formulations that minimize use of these metal soaps are of value and arereferred to as “Low SAPS oils” (SAPS stands for Sulfated Ash, Phosphorusand Sulfur).

The requirements of the Low SAPS designation restricts the amount oftraditional calcium and magnesium based detergents found in thelubricant composition. These traditional detergents had many functions,including neutralization of acids formed during the combustion processand generated from the oxidation of the base oil. However, thelimitation on the amount of these traditional calcium and magnesiumbased detergents that can be included has lowered the capacity oflubricant composition to neutralize acids. The decreased capacity of thelubricant composition to neutralize acids results in the need to replacethe lubricant composition more frequently.

The present invention provides a lubricant composition including a baseoil and an amine compound. The present invention also provides a methodof forming the lubricant composition and a method of lubricating asystem with the lubricant composition. The present invention alsoprovides an additive concentrate including the amine compound. Thelubricant composition, the additive concentrate, and these methods, aredescribed further below. The amine compound is useful for adjusting thetotal base number (TBN) of any lubricant composition. Lubricantcompositions containing these amine compounds help neutralize acidsformed during the combustion process and reduce the expense of addingadditional components, such as acid.

As described above, the lubricant composition may include the aminecompound in an amount ranging from 0.01 to 10 wt. %. The amine compoundhas the formula (I):

The alpha carbon of R¹ or R² is primary if R¹ or R² is an alkyl grouphaving more than one carbon atom respectively. Said differently, if bothR¹ and R² are alkyl groups having more than one carbon atom, at leastone of R¹ and R² is primary. Said differently still, if R¹ is a methylgroup and R² is a butyl group, R² is primary.

The term “alpha” refers to a first carbon that attaches to a functionalgroup. For reference purposes only and to further elaborate on themeaning of “alpha,” see formula (II) below:

Formula (II) has two alpha carbons, one bonded to the phenyl functionalgroup and the other bonded to the ketone functional group.

The term “primary” refers to the fact that the appointed carbon isbonded to only one carbon atom. For reference purposes only and tofurther elaborate on the meaning of “primary” see formula (III) below:

In formula (III), the carbon designated by “P” is primary because it isbonded to a single carbon atom opposite the hydroxyl group.

Referring again to formula (I), in certain embodiments, the alphacarbons of both R¹ and R² are primary if both R¹ and R² areindependently alkyl groups having more than one carbon atom. Thus, R¹can be primary, R² can be primary, or both R¹ and R² can be primary. R¹and R² are each independently straight or branched chain alkyl groupshaving from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Alternatively, R¹ and R² may each beindependently straight or branched chain alkyl groups having from 1 to17, 1 to 14, or 3 to 12, carbon atoms. Exemplary R¹ and R² groupsinclude methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl,n-hexyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl n-dodecyl,n-tridecyl, n-tetradecyl, n-hexadecyl, and n-octadecyl groups. R¹ and R²are both acyclic, meaning free from any cyclic structures.

In certain embodiments, at least one group designated by R¹ or R² isunsubstituted. By “unsubstituted,” it is intended that the designatedgroup is free from pendant functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl,oxide, thio, and thiol, and that the designated group is free fromacyclic heteroatoms, such as oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. In otherembodiments, both R¹ and R² are unsubstituted. In still yet otherembodiments, it is contemplated that R¹ and/or R² may be substituted andinclude pendant functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, oxide,thio, or thiol, or may include acyclic heteroatoms, such as oxygen,sulfur, or nitrogen.

In one or more embodiments, the amine compound is non-polymeric. Theterm “non-polymeric” refers to the fact that the amine compound includesfewer than 50, 40, 30, or 20 repeating monomer units. Furthermore, theamine compound may include only one nitrogen atom.

In one or more embodiments, the amine compound is free of phosphorous.For example, the amine compound is not contained in a salt includingphosphorous. It is also contemplated that the amine compound consists ofnitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon atoms. More generally, in certainembodiments, the amine compound may not form salts or complexes withother materials present in the lubricant composition.

In one particular embodiment, the amine compound is:

or combinations thereof. Alternatively, the amine compound may includebis(2-ethylhexyl)amine, ditridecylamine, or combinations thereof.

Previous uses of conventional amine compounds involved forming areaction product of such conventional amine compounds with variousacids, oxides, triazoles, and other reactive components. In theseapplications, the conventional amine compounds are consumed by certainreactions, such that the ultimately formed lubricant composition doesnot contain significant amounts of the conventional amine compound. Insuch conventional applications, more than 50 wt. % of the conventionalamine compound is typically reacted in the lubricant composition basedon the total weight of the conventional amine compound. In contrast, theinventive lubricant compositions and inventive methods contain asignificant amount of the amine compound in an unreacted state. Incertain embodiments, at least 90 wt. % of the amine compound remainsunreacted in the lubricant composition based on a total weight of theamine compound prior to any reaction in the lubricant composition.Alternatively, at least 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 wt. % of the aminecompound remains unreacted in the lubricant composition based on a totalweight of the amine compound prior to any reaction in the lubricantcomposition.

The term “unreacted” refers to the fact that the unreacted portion ofthe amine compound does not react with any components in the lubricantcomposition. Accordingly, the unreacted portion of the amine compoundremains in its virgin state when present in the lubricant compositionbefore the lubricant composition has been used in an end-userapplication, such as an internal combustion engine.

The phrase “prior to any reaction in the lubricant composition” refersto the basis of the amount of the amine compound in the lubricantcomposition. This phrase does not require that the amine compound reactsin the lubricant composition either before or after use in an end-userapplication.

In one embodiment, the percentage of the amine compound that remainsunreacted is determined after all of the components which are present inthe lubricant composition reach equilibrium with one another. The timeperiod necessary to reach equilibrium in the lubricant composition mayvary widely. For example, the amount of time necessary to reachequilibrium may range from a single minute to many days, or even weeks.In certain embodiments, the percentage of the amine compound thatremains unreacted in the lubricant composition is determined after 1minute, 1 hour, 5 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days 3 days, 1 week, 1month, 6 months, or 1 year.

In certain embodiments, the lubricant composition includes less than0.1, 0.01, 0.001, or 0.0001, wt. %, of compounds which would react withthe amine compound based on the total weight of the lubricantcomposition. In certain embodiments, the lubricant composition mayinclude a collective amount of acids, anhydrides, triazoles, and/oroxides (compounds which would react with the amine compound) which isless than 0.1 wt. % of the total weight of the lubricant composition.The term “acids” may include both traditional acids and Lewis acids. Forexample, acids include carboxylic acids, such as glycolic acid; lacticacid; hydracylic acid; alkylated succinic acids; alkylaromatic sulfonicacids; and fatty acids. Exemplary Lewis acids include alkyl aluminates;alkyl titanates; molybdenumates, such as molybdenum thiocarbamates andmolybdenum carbamates; and molybdenum sulfides. “Anhydrides” areexemplified by alkylated succinic anhydrides and acrylates. Triazolesmay be represented by benzotriazoles and derivatives thereof,tolutriazole and derivatives thereof, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole,2,5-dimercaptothiadiazole, 4,4′-methylene-bis-benzotriazole,4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzotriazole, salicylidenepropylenediamine andsalicylamino-guanidine and salts thereof. Oxides may be represented byalkylene oxides, such as ethylene oxide and propylene oxide; metaloxides; alkoxylated alcohols; alkoxylated amines; or alkoxylated esters.Alternatively, the lubricant composition may include a collective amountof acids, anhydrides, triazoles, and oxides which is less than 0.01,0.001, or 0.0001, wt. %, based on the total weight of the lubricantcompositions. Alternatively still, the lubricant composition may be freeof acids, anhydrides, triazoles, and oxides.

In yet another embodiment, the lubricant composition may consist, orconsist essentially of a base oil and the amine compound. It is alsocontemplated that the lubricant composition may consist of, or consistsessentially of, the base oil and the amine compound in addition to oneor more additives that do not compromise the functionality orperformance of the amine compound. In various embodiments where thelubricant composition consists essentially of the base oil and the aminecompound, the lubricant composition is free of, or includes less than0.01, 0.001, or 0.0001, wt. %, of acids, anhydrides, triazoles, andoxides based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. In otherembodiments, the terminology “consisting essentially of” describes thelubricant composition being free of compounds that materially affect theoverall performance of the lubricant composition, e.g., in terms oflubricity, total base number, viscosity, corrosion resistance, or sealcompatibility.

The lubricant composition includes the amine compound in an amountranging from 0.1 to 10 wt. % based on the total weight of the lubricantcomposition. Alternatively, the lubricant composition may include theamine compound in an amount ranging from 0.5 to 5, or from 1 to 3, wt.%, based on the total weight of the lubricant composition.

Alternatively, if the lubricant composition is formulated as an additiveconcentrate, the amine compound may be included in the additiveconcentrate in an amount ranging from 0.5 to 90, 1 to 50, 1 to 30, or 5to 25 wt. % based on the total weight of the additive concentrate.

As described above, the amine compound improves the TBN of the lubricantcomposition. The value is reported as mg KOH/g and is measured accordingto ASTM D4739 for the amine compound itself. The TBN of the aminecompound is at least 70, 100 or 150 mg KOH/g of the amine compound.

In one embodiment, the lubricant composition derives at least 5%, atleast 10%, at least 20%, at least 40%, at least 60%, at least 80%, oreven 100% of the compositional TBN (as measured in accordance with ASTMD4739) from the amine compound. Furthermore, in certain embodiments, thelubricant composition includes an amount of the amine compound thatcontributes from 0.5 to 15, from 1 to 12, from 0.5 to 4, from 1 to 3, mgKOH/g of TBN (as measured in accordance with ASTM D4739) to thelubricant composition.

The lubricant composition, which includes the amine compound, may have aTBN value of at least 1 mg KOH/g of lubricant composition.Alternatively, the lubricant composition has a TBN value ranging from 1to 15, 5 to 15, or 9 to 12 mg KOH/g of lubricant composition when testedaccording to ASTM D2896.

In certain embodiments, the base oil is selected from the group of APIGroup I base oils, API Group II base oils, API Group III base oils, APIGroup IV base oils, API Group V base oils, and combinations thereof. Inone embodiment, the base oil includes an API Group II base oil.

The base oil is classified in accordance with the American PetroleumInstitute (API) Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines. In other words,the base oil may be further described as one or more of five types ofbase oils: Group I (sulphur content >0.03 wt. %, and/or <90 wt. %saturates, viscosity index 80-119); Group II (sulphur content less thanor equal to 0.03 wt. %, and greater than or equal to 90 wt. % saturates,viscosity index 80-119); Group III (sulphur content less than or equalto 0.03 wt. %, and greater than or equal to 90 wt. % saturates,viscosity index greater than or equal to 119); Group IV (allpolyalphaolefins (PAO's)); and Group V (all others not included inGroups I, II, III, or IV).

The base oil typically has a viscosity ranging from 1 to 20 cSt whentested according to ASTM D445 at 100° C. Alternatively, the viscosity ofthe base oil may range from 3 to 17, or from 5 to 14, cSt when testedaccording to ASTM D445 at 100° C.

The base oil may be further defined as a crankcase lubrication oil forspark-ignited and compression ignited internal combustion engines,including automobile and truck engines, two-cycle engines, aviationpiston engines, and marine and railroad diesel engines. Alternatively,the base oil can be further defined as an oil to be used in gas engines,stationary power engines, and turbines. The base oil may be furtherdefined as heavy or light duty engine oil.

In still other embodiments, the base oil may be further defined assynthetic oil which may include one or more alkylene oxide polymers andinterpolymers and derivatives thereof wherein their terminal hydroxylgroups are modified by esterification, etherification, or similarreactions. Typically, these synthetic oils are prepared throughpolymerization of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide to formpolyoxyalkylene polymers which can be further reacted to form the oils.For example, alkyl and aryl ethers of these polyoxyalkylene polymers(e.g., methylpolyisopropylene glycol ether having an average molecularweight of 1,000; diphenyl ether of polyethylene glycol having amolecular weight of 500-1,000; and diethyl ether of polypropylene glycolhaving a molecular weight of 1,000-1,500) and/or mono- andpolycarboxylic esters thereof (e.g. acetic acid esters, mixed C₃-C₈fatty acid esters, or the C₁₃ oxo acid diester of tetraethylene glycol)may also be utilized as the base oil.

The base oil is typically present in the lubricant composition in anamount ranging from 70 to 99.9, from 80 to 99.9, from 90 to 99.9, from75 to 95, from 80 to 90, or from 85 to 95, wt. %, based on the totalweight of the lubricant composition. Alternatively, the base oil may bepresent in the lubricant composition in amounts of greater than 70, 75,80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99, wt. %, based on thetotal weight of the lubricant composition. In various embodiments, theamount of base oil in a fully formulated lubricant composition(including diluents or carrier oils presents) is from 80 to 99.5, from85 to 96, or from 90 to 95, wt. %, based on the total weight of thelubricant composition. In one or more embodiments, the lubricantcomposition may be classified as a low SAPS lubricant having a sulfatedash content of no more than 3, 2, 1, or 0.5, wt. %, based on the totalweight of the lubricant composition.

Alternatively, in embodiments where the lubricant composition isformulated as the additive concentrate, the base oil may be present inthe additive concentrate in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 50, from 1 to25, or from 1 to 15, wt. %, based on the total weight of the additiveconcentrate.

The lubricant composition may additionally include one or more additivesto improve various chemical and/or physical properties of the lubricantcomposition. Specific examples of the one or more additives includeanti-wear additives, antioxidants, metal deactivators (or passivators),rust inhibitors, viscosity index improvers, pour point depressors,dispersants, detergents, and antifriction additives. Each of theadditives may be used alone or in combination. The additive(s) can beused in various amounts, if employed. The lubricant composition may beformulated with the additional of several auxiliary components toachieve certain performance objectives for use in certain applications.For example, the lubricant composition may be a rust and oxidationlubricant formulation, a hydraulic lubricant formulation, turbinelubricant oil, and an internal combustion engine lubricant formulation.Accordingly, it is contemplated that the base oil may be formulated toachieve these objectives as discussed below.

If employed, the anti-wear additive can be of various types. In oneembodiment, the anti-wear additive is a dihydrocarbyl-dithio phosphatesalt, such as a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate. The dihydrocarbyldithiophosphate salt may be represented by the following generalformula: [R³O(R⁴O)PS(S)]₂M, wherein R³ and R⁴ are each independentlyhydrocarbyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and wherein M is ametal atom or an ammonium group. For example, R³ and R⁴ are eachindependently C₁₋₂₀ alkyl groups, C₂₋₂₀ alkenyl groups, C₃₋₂₀ cycloalkylgroups, C₁₋₂₀ aralkyl groups or C₃₋₂₀ aryl groups. The metal atom isselected from the group including aluminum, lead, tin, manganese,cobalt, nickel, or zinc. The ammonium group may be derived from ammoniaor a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine. The ammonium group may be ofthe formula R⁵R⁶R⁷R⁸N⁺, wherein R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ each independentlydesignates a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 150carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ may eachindependently designate hydrocarbyl groups having from 4 to 30 carbonatoms.

Alternatively, the anti-wear additive may include sulfur, phosphorus,and/or halogen containing compounds, e.g., sulfurised olefins andvegetable oils, alkylated triphenyl phosphates, tritolyl phosphate,tricresyl phosphate, chlorinated paraffins, alkyl and aryl di- andtrisulfides, amine salts of mono- and dialkyl phosphates, amine salts ofmethylphosphonic acid, diethanolaminomethyltolyltriazole,bis(2-ethylhexyl)aminomethyltolyltriazole, derivatives of2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, ethyl3-[(diisopropoxyphosphinothioyl)thio]propionate, triphenyl thiophosphate(triphenylphosphorothioate), tris(alkylphenyl) phosphorothioate andmixtures thereof (for example tris(isononylphenyl) phosphorothioate),diphenyl monononylphenyl phosphorothioate, isobutylphenyl diphenylphosphorothioate, the dodecylamine salt of 3-hydroxy-1,3-thiaphosphetane3-oxide, trithiophosphoric acid 5,5,5-tris[isooctyl 2-acetate],derivatives of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole such as1-[N,N-bis(2-ethylhexyl)aminomethyl]-2-mercapto-1H-1,3-benzothiazole,ethoxycarbonyl-5-octyldithio carbamate, and/or combinations thereof.

If employed, the anti-wear additive can be used in various amounts. Theanti-wear additive is typically present in the lubricant composition inan amount ranging from 0.1 to 20, 0.5 to 15, 1 to 10, 0.1 to 1, 0.1 to0.5, or 0.1 to 1.5, wt. %, each based on the total weight of thelubricant composition. Alternatively, the anti-wear additive may bepresent in amounts of less than 20, less than 10, less than 5, less than1, less than 0.5, or less than 0.1, wt. %, each based on the totalweight of the lubricant composition. Alternatively still, the additiveconcentrate may include the anti-wear additive in an amount ranging from1 to 99.9, from 5 to 50, or from 10 to 40, wt. %, each based on thetotal weight of the additive concentrate. Alternatively, the additiveconcentrate may include the anti-wear additive in amounts of less than20, less than 10, less than 5, less than 1, less than 0.5, or less than0.1, wt. %, each based on the total weight of the additive concentrate.

If employed, the antioxidant can be of various types. Suitableantioxidants include alkylated monophenols, for example2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2-tert-butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol,2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-n-butylphenol,2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol, 2,6-dicyclopentyl-4-methylphenol,2-(α-methylcyclohexyl)-4,6-dimethylphenol,2,6-dioctadecyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4,6-tricyclohexylphenol,2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxymethylphenol, 2,6-di-nonyl-4-methylphenol,2,4-dimethyl-6(1′-methylundec-1′-yl)phenol,2,4-dimethyl-6-(1′-methylheptadec-1′-yl)phenol,2,4-dimethyl-6-(1′-methyltridec-1′-yl)phenol, and combinations thereof.

Further examples of suitable antioxidants includesalkylthiomethylphenols, for example2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-tert-butylphenol,2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-methylphenol,2,4-dioctylthiomethyl-6-ethylphenol,2,6-didodecylthiomethyl-4-nonylphenol, and combinations thereof.Hydroquinones and alkylated hydroquinones, for example2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol, 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone,2,5-di-tert-amylhydroquinone, 2,6-diphenyl-4-octadecyloxyphenol,2,6-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole,3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylstearate, bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) adipate, andcombinations thereof, may also be utilized.

Furthermore, hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers, for example2,2′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2′-thiobis(4-octylphenol),4,4′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-3-methylphenol),4,4′-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol),4,4′-thiobis-(3,6-di-sec-amylphenol),4,4′-bis-(2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)disulfide, and combinationsthereof, may also be used.

It is also contemplated that alkylidenebisphenols, for example2,2′-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol),2,2′-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol),2,2′-methylenebis[4-methyl-6-(α-methylcyclohexyl)phenol],2,2′-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol),2,2′-methylenebis(6-nonyl-4-methylphenol),2,2′-methylenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol),2,2′-ethylidenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol),2,2′-ethylidenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol),2,2′-methylenebis[6-(α-methylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol],2,2′-methylenebis[6-(cc, α-dimethylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol],4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol),4,4′-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol),1,1-bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)butane,2,6-bis(3-tert-butyl-5-methyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)-4-methylphenol,1,1,3-tris(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)butane,1,1-bis(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-phenyl)-3-n-dodecylmercaptobutane, ethylene glycolbis[3,3-bis(3′-tert-butyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl)butyrate],bis(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methyl-phenyl)dicyclopentadiene,bis[2-(3′-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-5′-methylbenzyl)-6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl]terephthalate,1,1-bis-(3,5-dimethyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)butane,2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane,2,2-bis-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl)-4-n-dodecylmercaptobutane,1,1,5,5-tetra-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methyl phenyl)pentane, andcombinations thereof may be utilized as antioxidants in the lubricantcomposition.

O-, N- and S-benzyl compounds, for example3,5,3′,5′-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4′-dihydroxydibenzyl ether,octadecyl-4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzylmercaptoacetate,tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)amine,bis(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl)dithiol terephthalate,bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)sulfide,isooctyl-3,5di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy benzylmercaptoacetate, andcombinations thereof, may also be utilized.

Hydroxybenzylated malonates, for exampledioctadecyl-2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)-malonate,di-octadecyl-2-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylbenzyl)-malonate,di-dodecylmercaptoethyl-2,2-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)malonate,bis[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]-2,2-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)malonate,and combinations thereof are also suitable for use as antioxidants.

Triazine compounds, for example2,4-bis(octylmercapto)-6-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanilino)-1,3,5-triazine,2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanilino)-1,3,5-triazine,2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine,2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-1,2,3-triazine,1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)isocyanurate,1,3,5-tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine,1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)-hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine,1,3,5-tris-(3,5-dicyclohexyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-isocyanurate, andcombinations thereof, may also be used.

Additional examples of antioxidants include aromatic hydroxybenzylcompounds, for example1,3,5-tris-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene,1,4-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene,2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phenol, and combinationsthereof. Benzylphosphonates, for exampledimethyl-2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate,diethyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate,dioctadecyl3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonate,dioctadecyl-5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-methylbenzylphosphonate, thecalcium salt of the monoethyl ester of3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzylphosphonic acid, and combinationsthereof, may also be utilized. In addition, acylaminophenols, forexample 4-hydroxylauranilide, 4-hydroxystearanilide, octylN-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)carbamate.

Esters of [3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid withmono- or polyhydric alcohols, e.g. with methanol, ethanol, octadecanol,1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol,neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethyleneglycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate,N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol,trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane,4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, andcombinations thereof, may also be used. It is further contemplated thatesters of β-(5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-propionic acid withmono- or polyhydric alcohols, e.g. with methanol, ethanol, octadecanol,1,6-hexanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol,neopentyl glycol, thiodiethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethyleneglycol, pentaerythritol, tris(hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate,N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)oxamide, 3-thiaundecanol, 3-thiapentadecanol,trimethylhexanediol, trimethylolpropane,4-hydroxymethyl-1-phospha-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, andcombinations thereof, may be used.

Additional examples of suitable antioxidants include those that includenitrogen, such as amides ofβ-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, e.g.,N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hexamethylenediamine,N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)trimethylenediamine,N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionyl)hydrazine. Othersuitable examples of antioxidants include aminic antioxidants such asN,N′-diisopropyl-p-phenylenediamine,N,N′-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine,N,N′-bis(1,4-dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine,N,N′-bis(1-ethyl-3-methylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine,N,N′-bis(1-methylheptyl)-p-phenylenediamine,N,N′-dicyclohexyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine,N,N′-bis(2-naphthyl)-p-phenylenediamine,N-isopropyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine,N-(1,3-dimethyl-butyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine,N-(1-methylheptyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine,N-cyclohexyl-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine,4-(p-toluenesulfamoyl)diphenylamine,N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, diphenylamine,N-allyldiphenylamine, 4-isopropoxydiphenylamine,N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine, octylateddiphenylamine, for example p,p′-di-tert-octyldiphenylamine,4-n-butylaminophenol, 4-butyrylaminophenol, 4-nonanoylaminophenol,4-dodecanoylaminophenol, 4-octadecanoylaminophenol,bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amine, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-dimethylaminomethylphenol, 2,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane,N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane,1,2-bis[(2-methyl-phenyl)amino]ethane, 1,2-bis(phenylamino)propane,(o-tolyl)biguanide, bis[4-(1′,3′-dimethylbutyl)phenyl]amine,tert-octylated N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, a mixture of mono- anddialkylated tert-butyl/tert-octyldiphenylamines, a mixture of mono- anddialkylated isopropyl/isohexyldiphenylamines, mixtures of mono- anddialkylated tert-butyldiphenylamines,2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-4H-1,4-benzothiazine, phenothiazine,N-allylphenothiazine, N,N,N′,N′-tetraphenyl-1,4-diaminobut-2-ene,N,N-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperid-4-yl-hexamethylenediamine,bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperid-4-yl)sebacate,2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-one and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-ol, and combinations thereof.

Even further examples of suitable antioxidants include aliphatic oraromatic phosphites, esters of thiodipropionic acid or of thiodiaceticacid, or salts of dithiocarbamic or dithiophosphoric acid,2,2,12,12-tetramethyl-5,9-dihydroxy-3,7,1-trithiamidecane and2,2,15,15-tetramethyl-5,12-dihydroxy-3,7,10,14-tetrathiahexadecane, andcombinations thereof. Furthermore, sulfurized fatty esters, sulfurizedfats and sulfurized olefins, and combinations thereof, may be used.

If employed, the antioxidant can be used in various amounts. Theantioxidant is typically present in the lubricant composition in anamount ranging from 0.01 to 5, 0.1 to 3, or 0.5 to 2, wt. %, based onthe total weight of the lubricant composition. Alternatively, theantioxidant may be present in amounts of less than 5, less than 3, orless than 2, wt. %, based on the total weight of the lubricantcomposition. The antioxidant may be present in the additive concentratein an amount ranging from 0.1 to 99, from 1 to 70, from 5 to 50, or from25 to 50, wt. %, based on the total weight of the additive concentrate.

If employed, the metal deactivator can be of various types. Suitablemetal deactivators include benzotriazoles and derivatives thereof, forexample 4- or 5-alkylbenzotriazoles (e.g. tolutriazole) and derivativesthereof, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzotriazole and5,5′-methylenebisbenzotriazole; Mannich bases of benzotriazole ortolutriazole, e.g. 1-[bis(2-ethylhexyl)aminomethyl)tolutriazole and1-[bis(2-ethylhexyl)aminomethyl)benzotriazole; andalkoxyalkylbenzotriazoles such as 1-(nonyloxymethyl)benzotriazole,1-(1-butoxyethyl)benzotriazole and 1-(1-cyclohexyloxybutyl)tolutriazole, and combinations thereof.

Additional examples of suitable metal deactivators include1,2,4-triazoles and derivatives thereof, for example 3-alkyl(oraryl)-1,2,4-triazoles, and Mannich bases of 1,2,4-triazoles, such as1-[bis(2-ethylhexyl)aminomethyl-1,2,4-triazole;alkoxyalkyl-1,2,4-triazoles such as 1-(1-butoxyethyl)-1,2,4-triazole;and acylated 3-amino-1,2,4-triazoles, imidazole derivatives, for example4,4′-methylenebis(2-undecyl-5-methylimidazole) andbis[(N-methyl)imidazol-2-yl]carbinol octyl ether, and combinationsthereof. Further examples of suitable metal deactivators includesulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds, for example2-mercaptobenzothiazole, 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole andderivatives thereof; and3,5-bis[di(2-ethylhexyl)aminomethyl]-1,3,4-thiadiazolin-2-one, andcombinations thereof. Even further examples of metal deactivatorsinclude amino compounds, for example salicylidenepropylenediamine,salicylaminoguanidine and salts thereof, and combinations thereof.

If employed, the metal deactivator can be used in various amounts. Themetal deactivator is typically present in the lubricant composition inan amount ranging from 0.01 to 0.1, 0.05 to 0.01, or 0.07 to 0.1 wt. %,based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. Alternatively,the metal deactivator may be present in amounts of less than 0.1, lessthan 0.7, or less than 0.5, wt. %, based on the total weight of thelubricant composition. The metal deactivator may be present in theadditive concentrate in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 99, from 1 to 70,from 5 to 50, or from 25 to 50, wt. %, based on the total weight of theadditive concentrate.

If employed, the rust inhibitor and/or friction modifier can be ofvarious types. Suitable examples of rust inhibitors and/or frictionmodifiers include organic acids, their esters, metal salts, amine saltsand anhydrides, for example alkyl- and alkenylsuccinic acids and theirpartial esters with alcohols, diols or hydroxycarboxylic acids, partialamides of alkyl- and alkenylsuccinic acids, 4-nonylphenoxyacetic acid,alkoxy- and alkoxyethoxycarboxylic acids such as dodecyloxyacetic acid,dodecyloxy(ethoxy)acetic acid and the amine salts thereof, and alsoN-oleoylsarcosine, sorbitan monooleate, lead naphthenate,alkenylsuccinic anhydrides, for example, dodecenylsuccinic anhydride,2-carboxymethyl-1-dodecyl-3-methylglycerol and the amine salts thereof,and combinations thereof. Additional examples includenitrogen-containing compounds, for example, primary, secondary ortertiary aliphatic or cycloaliphatic amines and amine salts of organicand inorganic acids, for example oil-soluble alkylammonium carboxylates,and also 1-[N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-3-(4-nonylphenoxy)propan-2-ol,and combinations thereof. Further examples include heterocycliccompounds, for example: substituted imidazolines and oxazolines, and2-heptadecenyl-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)imidazoline, phosphorus-containingcompounds, for example: amine salts of phosphoric acid partial esters orphosphonic acid partial esters, and zinc dialkyldithiophosphates,molybdenum-containing compounds, such as molydbenum dithiocarbamate andother sulphur and phosphorus containing derivatives, sulfur-containingcompounds, for example: barium dinonylnaphthalenesulfonates, calciumpetroleum sulfonates, alkylthio-substituted aliphatic carboxylic acids,esters of aliphatic 2-sulfocarboxylic acids and salts thereof, glycerolderivatives, for example: glycerol monooleate,1-(alkylphenoxy)-3-(2-hydroxyethyl)glycerols,1-(alkylphenoxy)-3-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) glycerols and2-carboxyalkyl-1,3-dialkylglycerols, and combinations thereof.

If employed, the rust inhibitor and/or friction modifier can be used invarious amounts. The rust inhibitor and/or friction modifier istypically present in the lubricant composition in an amount ranging from0.01 to 0.1, 0.05 to 0.01, or 0.07 to 0.1, wt. %, based on the totalweight of the lubricant composition. Alternatively, the rust inhibitorand/or friction modifier may be present in amounts of less than 1, lessthan 0.7, or less than 0.5 wt. %, based on the total weight of thelubricant composition. The rust inhibitor and/or friction modifier maybe present in the additive concentrate in an amount ranging from 0.01 to0.1, from 0.05 to 0.01, or from 0.07 to 0.1, wt. %, based on the totalweight of the additive concentrate.

If employed, the viscosity index improver (VII) can be of various types.Suitable examples of VIIs include polyacrylates, polymethacrylates,vinylpyrrolidone/methacrylate copolymers, polyvinylpyrrolidones,polybutenes, olefin copolymers, styrene/acrylate copolymers andpolyethers, and combinations thereof.

If employed, the VII can be used in various amounts. The VII istypically present in the lubricant composition in an amount ranging from0.01 to 20, 1 to 15, or 1 to 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of thelubricant composition. Alternatively, the VII may be present in amountsof less than 10, less than 8, or less than 5, wt. %, based on the totalweight of the lubricant composition. The VII may be present in theadditive concentrate in an amount ranging from 0.01 to 20, from 1 to 15,or from 1 to 10, wt. %, based on the total weight of the additiveconcentrate.

If employed, the pour point depressant can be of various types. Suitableexamples of pour point depressants include polymethacrylate andalkylated naphthalene derivatives, and combinations thereof.

If employed, the pour point depressant can be used in various amounts.The pour point depressant is typically present in the lubricantcomposition in an amount ranging from 0.01 to 0.1, 0.05 to 0.01, or 0.07to 0.1, wt. %, each based on the total weight of the lubricantcomposition. Alternatively, the pour point depressant may be present inamounts of less than 0.1, less than 0.7, or less than 0.5 wt. %, basedon the total weight of the lubricant composition. The pour pointdepressant may be present in the additive concentrate in an amountranging from 0.1 to 99, from 1 to 70, from 5 to 50, or from 25 to 50,wt. %, based on the total weight of the additive concentrate.

If employed, the dispersant can be of various types. Suitable examplesof dispersants include polybutenylsuccinic amides or -imides,polybutenylphosphonic acid derivatives and basic magnesium, calcium andbarium sulfonates and phenolates, succinate esters and alkylphenolamines (Mannich bases), and combinations thereof.

The amine dispersant may be a polyalkene amine. The polyalkene amineincludes a polyalkene moiety. The polyalkene moiety is thepolymerization product of identical or different, straight-chain orbranched C₂₋₆ olefin monomers. Examples of suitable olefin monomers areethylene, propylene, 1-butene, isobutene, 1-pentene, 2-methylbutene,1-hexene, 2-methylpentene, 3-methylpentene, and 4-methylpentene. Thepolyalkene moiety has a number average molecular weight Mn ranging from200 to 10,000.

In one configuration, the polyalkene amine is derived from apolyisobutene. Particularly suitable polysiobutenes are known as “highlyreactive” polyisobutenes which feature a high content of terminal doublebonds. Suitable highly reactive polyisobutenes are, for example,polyisobutenes which have a fraction of terminal vinylidene double bondsof greater than 70 mol %, greater than 80 mol %, greater than 85 mol %,greater than 90 mol %, or greater than 92 mol %, based on the totalnumber of double bonds in the polyisobutene. Further preference is givenin particular to polyisobutenes which have uniform polymer frameworks.Uniform polymer frameworks are those polyisobutenes which are composedof at least 85, 90, or 95, wt. %, of isobutene units. Such highlyreactive polyisobutenes preferably have a number-average molecularweight in the abovementioned range. In addition, the highly reactivepolyisobutenes may have a polydispersity ranging from 1.05 to 7, or from1.1 to 2.5. The highly reactive polyisobutenes may have a polydispersityless than 1.9, or less than 1.5. Polydispersity refers to the quotientsof weight-average molecular weight Mw divided by the number-averagemolecular weight Mn.

The polyalkene amine may include moieties derived from succinicanhydride and may include hydroxyl and/or amino and/or amido and/orimido groups. For example, the amine dispersant may be derived frompolyisobutenylsuccinic anhydride which is obtainable by reactingconventional or highly reactive polyisobutene having a number averagemolecular weight ranging from 300 to 5000 with maleic anhydride by athermal route or via chlorinated polyisobutene. Particular interestattaches to derivatives with aliphatic polyamines such asethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine ortetraethylenepentamine.

To prepare the polyalkene amine, the polyalkene component may beaminated in a manner known per se. A preferred process proceeds via thepreparation of an oxo intermediate by hydroformylation and subsequentreductive amination in the presence of a suitable nitrogen compound.

The amine dispersant may be represented by the general formula: HNR⁹R¹⁰,where R⁹ and R¹⁰ may each independently be a hydrogen atom or ahydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 17 carbon atoms, or analogs thereofwhich have been mono- or polyhydroxylated. The amine dispersant may alsobe a poly(oxyalkyl) radical or a polyalkylene polyamine radical of thegeneral formula Z—NH—(C₁-C₆-alkylene-NH)_(m)—C₁-C₆-alkylene, where m isan integer ranging from 0 to 5, Z is a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbylgroup having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms with C₁-C₆ alkylene representingthe corresponding bridged analogs of the alkyl radicals. The aminedispersant may also be a polyalkylene imine radical composed of from 1to 10 C₁-C₄ alkylene imine groups; or, together with the nitrogen atomto which they are bonded, are an optionally substituted 5- to 7-memberedheterocyclic ring which is optionally substituted by from one to threeC₁-C₄ alkyl radicals and optionally bears one further ring heteroatom,such as O or N.

Examples of suitable alkyl radicals include straight-chain or branchedradicals having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, iso-or n-propyl, n-, iso-, sec- or tert-butyl, n- or isopentyl; and alson-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, n-tridecyl,n-tetradecyl, n-pentadecyl, n-hexadecyl and n-octadecyl, and also themono- or polybranched analogs thereof; and also corresponding radicalsin which the hydrocarbon chain has one or more ether bridges.

Examples of suitable alkenyl radicals include mono- or polyunsaturated,preferably mono- or di-unsaturated analogs of alkyl radicals has from 2to 18 carbon atoms, in which the double bonds may be in any position inthe hydrocarbon chain.

Examples of C₄-C₁₈ cycloalkyl radical include cyclobutyl, cyclopentyland cyclohexyl, and also the analogs thereof substituted by from 1 to 3C₁-C₄ alkyl radicals: The C₁-C₄ alkyl radicals are, for example,selected from methyl, ethyl, iso- or n-propyl, n-, iso-, sec- ortert-butyl.

Examples of the arylalkyl radical include a C₁-C₁₈ alkyl group and anaryl group which are derived from a monocyclic or bicyclic, 4- to7-membered, in particular, 6 membered aromatic or heteroaromatic group,such as phenyl, pyridyl, naphthyl and biphenyl.

Examples of suitable compounds of the general formula HNR⁹R¹⁰ are:ammonia; primary amines such as methylamine, ethylamine, n-propylamine,isopropylamine, n-butylamine, isobutylamine, sec-butylamine,tert-butylamine, pentylamine, hexylamine, cyclopentylamine andcyclohexylamine; primary amines of the formulas: CH₃—O—C₂H₄—NH₂,C₂H₅—O—C₂H₄—NH₂, CH₃—O—C₃H₆—NH₂, C₂H₅—O—C₃H₆—NH₂, C₄H₉—O—C₄H₈—NH₂,HO—C₂H₄—NH₂, HO—C₃H₆—NH₂ and HO—C₄H₈—NH₂; secondary amines, for exampledimethylamine, diethylamine, methylethylamine, di-n-propylamine,diisopropylamine, diisobutylamine, di-sec-butylamine,di-tert-butylamine, dipentylamine, dihexylamine, dicyclopentylamine,dicyclohexylamine and diphenylamine; and also secondary amines of theformulas: (CH₃—O—C₂H₄)₂NH, (C₂H₅—O—C₂H₄)₂NH, (CH₃—O—C₃H₆)₂NH,(C₂H₅—O—C₃H₆)₂NH, (n-C₄H₉—O—C₄H₈)₂NH, (HO—C₂H₄)₂NH, (HO—C₃H₆)₂NH and(HO—C₄H₈)₂NH; and heterocyclic amines, such as pyrrolidine, piperidine,morpholine and piperazine, and also their substituted derivatives, suchas N—C₁₋₆ alkylpiperazines and dimethylmorpholine; and polyamines andpolyimines, such as n-propylenediamine, 1,4-butanediamine,1,6-hexanediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine andpolyethylene imines, and also their alkylation products, for example3-(dimethylamino)-n-propylamine, N,N-dimethylethylenediamine,N,N-diethylethylenediamine and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyldiethylenetriamine.

If employed, the dispersant can be used in various amounts. Thedispersant is typically present in the lubricant composition in anamount ranging from 0.01 to 15, 0.1 to 12, 0.5 to 10, or 1 to 8, wt. %,based on the total weight of the lubricant composition. Alternatively,the dispersant may be present in amounts of less than 15, less than 12,less than 10, less than 5, or less than 1, wt. %, based on the totalweight of the lubricant composition. These dispersants may be present inthe additive concentrate in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 99, from 1 to70, from 5 to 50, or from 25 to 50, wt. %, based on the total weight ofthe additive concentrate.

If employed, the detergent can be of various types. Suitable examples ofdetergents include overbased or neutral metal sulphonates, phenates andsalicylates, and combinations thereof.

If employed, the detergent can be used in various amounts. The detergentis typically present in the lubricant composition in an amount rangingfrom 0.01 to 5, 0.1 to 4, 0.5 to 3, or 1 to 3 wt. %, based on the totalweight of the lubricant composition. Alternatively, the detergent may bepresent in amounts of less than 5, less than 4, less than 3, less than2, or less than 1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the lubricantcomposition. The detergent is typically present in the additiveconcentrate in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 99, from 1 to 70, from 5 to50, or from 25 to 50, wt. %, based on the total weight of the additiveconcentrate.

In various embodiments, the lubricant composition is substantially freeof water, e.g. the lubricant composition includes less than 5, less than4, less than 3, less than 2, less than 1, less than 0.5, or less than0.1, wt. %, of water based on the total weight of the lubricantcomposition. Alternatively, the lubricant composition may be completelyfree of water.

Some of the compounds described above may interact in the lubricantcomposition, so the components of the lubricant composition in finalform may be different from those components that are initially added orcombined together. Some products formed thereby, including productsformed upon employing the lubricant composition of this invention in itsintended use, are not easily described or describable. Nevertheless, allsuch modifications, reaction products, and products formed uponemploying the lubricant composition of this invention in its intendeduse, are expressly contemplated and hereby included herein. Variousembodiments of this invention include one or more of the modification,reaction products, and products formed from employing the lubricantcomposition, as described above.

A method of lubricating a system is provided. The method includescontacting the system with the lubricant composition described above.The system may further include an internal combustion engine.Alternatively, the system may further include any combustion engine orapplication that utilizes a lubricant composition.

In addition, a method of forming the lubricant composition is provided.The method includes combining the base oil and the amine compound. Theamine compound may be incorporated into the base oil in any convenientway. Thus, the amine compound can be added directly to the base oil bydispersing or dissolving it in the base oil at the desired level ofconcentration. Alternatively, the base oil may be added directly to theamine compound in conjunction with agitation until the amine compound isprovided at the desired level of concentration. Such blending may occurat ambient or elevated temperatures. In one embodiment, one or more ofthe additives are blended into the additive concentrate that issubsequently blended into the base oil to make the lubricantcomposition. The concentrate will typically be formulated to provide thedesired concentration in the lubricant composition when the concentrateis combined with a predetermined amount of base oil.

This invention will be further understood by reference to the followingexamples, wherein all parts are parts by weight (or mass), unlessotherwise noted.

EXAMPLES

A fully formulated lubricant composition containing dispersant,detergent, aminic antioxidant, phenolic antioxidant, anti-foam, baseoil, ZDDP, pour point depressant and viscosity modifier was prepared.This lubricant composition, which was representative of a commercialcrankcase lubricant, was used as a reference lubricant. The referencelubricant was combined with the amine compound to improve the TBN of thelubricant composition. The amine compound was added in an amountsufficient to provide 3 units of TBN over the TBN of the referencelubricant. These compositions are exemplified in Table 1. An additionalamount of base oil was added to each of the samples to provide a totalmass.

TABLE 1 Exemplary Lubricant Composition and Reference Lubricant.Reference Lubricant Inventive #1 Reference Lubricant (g) 94.00 94.00Additional Base Oil (g) 6 3.88 1-dodecylamine — 1.24 Total Weight (g)100.00 100.00 Additional TBN — 3

The TBN of the exemplary amine compound was determined in accordancewith each of ASTM D4739 (in units of mg KOH/g). The exemplary aminecompound (1-dodecylamine) has a TBN of 295 mg KOH/g.

It is to be understood that the appended claims are not limited toexpress and particular compounds, compositions, or methods described inthe detailed description, which may vary between particular embodimentsthat fall within the scope of the appended claims. With respect to anyMarkush groups relied upon herein for describing particular features oraspects of various embodiments, it is to be appreciated that different,special, and/or unexpected results may be obtained from each member ofthe respective Markush group independent from all other Markush members.Each member of a Markush group may be relied upon individually and/or incombination and provides adequate support for specific embodimentswithin the scope of the appended claims.

It is also to be understood that any ranges and subranges relied upon indescribing various embodiments of the present invention independentlyand collectively fall within the scope of the appended claims and areunderstood to describe and contemplate all ranges, including wholeand/or fractional values therein, even if such values are not expresslywritten herein. One of skill in the art readily recognizes that theenumerated ranges and subranges sufficiently describe and enable variousembodiments of the present invention and such ranges and subranges maybe further delineated into relevant halves, thirds, quarters, fifths,and so on. As just one example, a range “ranging from 0.1 to 0.9” may befurther delineated into a lower third, i.e., from 0.1 to 0.3, a middlethird, i.e., from 0.4 to 0.6, and an upper third, i.e., from 0.7 to 0.9,which individually and collectively are within the scope of the appendedclaims and may be relied upon individually and/or collectively andprovide adequate support for specific embodiments within the scope ofthe appended claims.

In addition, with respect to the language which defines or modifies arange, such as “at least,” “greater than,” “less than,” “no more than,”and the like, it is to be understood that such language includessubranges and/or an upper or lower limit. As another example, a range of“at least 10” inherently includes a subrange ranging from at least 10 to35, a subrange ranging from at least 10 to 25, a subrange from 25 to 35,and so on, and each subrange may be relied upon individually and/orcollectively and provides adequate support for specific embodimentswithin the scope of the appended claims. Finally, an individual numberwithin a disclosed range may be relied upon and provides adequatesupport for specific embodiments within the scope of the appendedclaims. For example, a range “ranging from 1 to 9” includes variousindividual integers, such as 3, as well as individual numbers includinga decimal point (or fraction), such as 4.1, which may be relied upon andprovide adequate support for specific embodiments within the scope ofthe appended claims.

The invention has been described in an illustrative manner and it is tobe understood that the terminology which has been used is intended to bein the nature of words of description rather than of limitation. Manymodifications and variations of the present invention are possible inlight of the above teachings and the invention may be practicedotherwise than as specifically described.

1. A lubricant composition comprising: a base oil; and from 0.01 to 10wt. % of an amine compound based on a total weight of said lubricantcomposition, wherein said amine compound has the formula:

where R¹ and R² are each independently straight or branched chainacyclic alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, where the alphacarbon of R¹ or R² is primary if R¹ or R² is an alkyl group having morethan one carbon atom respectively, and wherein at least 90 wt. % of saidamine compound remains unreacted in said lubricant composition based ona total weight of said amine compound prior to any reaction in thelubricant composition.
 2. A lubricant composition according to claim 1wherein at least 95 wt. % of said amine compound remains unreacted insaid lubricant composition based on the total weight of said aminecompound prior to any reaction in the lubricant composition.
 3. Alubricant composition according to claim 2 wherein said lubricantcomposition comprises a collective amount of acids, anhydrides,triazoles, and/or oxides which is less than 0.1 wt. % based on the totalweight of the lubricant composition.
 4. A lubricant compositionaccording to claim 1 free of acids, anhydrides, triazoles, and oxides.5. A lubricant composition according to claim 1 comprising from 0.5 to 5wt. % of said amine compound based on the total weight of said lubricantcomposition.
 6. A lubricant composition according to claim 1 whereinsaid amine compound has a TBN value of at least 70 mg KOH/g of saidamine compound when tested according to ASTM D4739.
 7. A lubricantcomposition according to claim 6 wherein the alpha carbons of R¹ and R²are primary if both R¹ and R² are independently alkyl groups having morethan one carbon atom.
 8. A lubricant composition according to claim 1wherein at least one group designated by R¹ or R² is unsubstituted.
 9. Alubricant composition according to claim 1 wherein both R¹ and R² areun-substituted and each independently comprises an alkyl group havingfrom 1 to 17 carbon atoms.
 10. A lubricant composition according toclaim 1 wherein said amine compound is bis(2-ethylhexyl)amine,ditridecylamine, n-hexylamine, N-octylamine, N-decylamine,n-dodecylamine, n-hexadecylamine, n-octadecylamine or combinationsthereof.
 11. A lubricant composition according to claim 10 wherein saidbase oil comprises an API Group I Oil, an API Group II Oil, an API GroupIII Oil, an API Group IV Oil, or combinations thereof, and wherein saidbase oil has a viscosity ranging from 1 to 20 cSt when tested at 100° C.according to ASTM D445.
 12. A method of lubricating a system comprisingan internal combustion engine with the lubricant composition of claim 1,said method comprising: contacting the internal combustion engine withthe lubricant composition, wherein the lubricant composition provides aTBN ranging from 5 to 15 mg KOH/g of lubricant composition.
 13. Anadditive concentrate for a lubricant composition comprising: ananti-wear additive comprising sulfur and/or phosphorous; and an aminecompound having the formula:

where R¹ and R² are each independently straight or branched chainacyclic alkyl groups having from 1 to 14 carbon atoms, where the alphacarbon of R¹ or R² is primary if R¹ or R² is an alkyl group having morethan one carbon atom respectively.
 14. An additive concentrate accordingto claim 13 wherein R¹ and R² are each independently straight orbranched chain acyclic alkyl groups having from 3 to 12 carbon atoms.15. An additive concentrate according to claim 13 wherein said aminecompound has a TBN value of at least 70 mg KOH/g of said amine compoundwhen tested according to ASTM D4739.
 16. An additive concentrateaccording to claim 13 wherein said alpha carbon of both R¹ and R² isprimary if both R¹ and R² are alkyl groups having more than one carbonatom, and wherein both R¹ and R² are un-substituted.
 17. An additiveconcentrate according to claim 13 wherein said amine compound isbis(2-ethylhexyl)amine, ditridecylamine, n-hexylamine, N-octylamine,N-decylamine, n-dodecylamine, n-hexadecylamine, n-octadecylamine orcombinations thereof.
 18. An additive concentrate according to claim 13further comprising a dispersant.
 19. An additive concentrate accordingto claim 18 further comprising a detergent.
 20. An additive concentrateaccording to claim 19 further comprising an antioxidant.